Each representative or ton-tigi ("quiver-master") provided counsel to the mansa at the Gbara, but only these two ton-tigi held such wide-ranging power. [17] Whether Mali originated as the name of a town or region, the name was subsequently applied to the entire empire ruled from Mali. [84][85] However, some aspects of Musa appear to have been incorporated into a figure in Mand oral tradition known as Fajigi, which translates as "father of hope". Free warriors from the north (Mandekalu or otherwise) were usually equipped with large reed or animal hide shields and a stabbing spear that was called a tamba. Niane, D. T.: "Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali". jeli), also known as griots, includes relatively little information about Musa compared to some other parts of the history of Mali. This region straddles the border between what is now southern Mali and northeastern Guinea. [132], The Mali Empire flourished because of its trade above all else. With trade being disrupted by wars, there was no way for the economy to continue to prosper. [48], Parallel to this debate, many scholars have argued that the Mali Empire may not have had a permanent "capital" in the sense that the word is used today, and historically was used in the Mediterranean world. He brought a large entourage with him which impressed people everywhere they went. Constant civil war between leaders led to a weakened state. However, territories that were crucial to trade or subject to revolt would receive a farba. [99] The gold Musa brought on his pilgrimage probably represented years of accumulated tribute that Musa would have spent much of his early reign gathering. Trade was Mali's form of income, and wealth. One of these was Dioma, an area south of Niani populated by Fula Wassoulounk. [57][58] Having run out of money, Musa and his entourage were forced to borrow money and re-sell much of what they had purchased while in Cairo before the hajj, and Musa went into debt to several merchants, such as Siraj al-Din. [15] He is also called Hidji Mansa Musa in oral tradition in reference to his hajj. Dates: 4001591 C. E.", "Is Mansa Musa the richest man who ever lived? published on 17 October 2020. Al-Umari reported that Mali had fourteen provinces. . The family tree of Mansa Musa. His reign saw the first in a string of many great losses to Mali. At the age of 18, he gained authority over all the 12 kingdoms in an alliance that would become the Mali Empire. What happened to Mansa Musa I wealth? - Quora [115], Mali's fortunes seem to have improved in the second half of the 16th century. [70] Two noble brothers from Niani, of unknown lineage, went to Dioma with an army and drove out the Fula Wassoulounk. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. "Mansa Musa Family Tree | Empire of Mali." While in Cairo during his hajj, Musa befriended officials such as Ibn Amir Hajib, who learned about him and his country from him and later passed on that information to historians such as Al-Umari. [107] The Gambia was still firmly in Mali's control, and these raiding expeditions met with disastrous fates before Portugal's Diogo Gomes began formal relations with Mali via its remaining Wolof subjects. While Musa's palace has since vanished, the university and mosque still stand in Timbuktu today. His religious devotion contributed to the spread of Islam across West Africa. [8] Mansa, 'ruler'[9] or 'king'[10] in Mand, was the title of the ruler of the Mali Empire. While on the hajj, he met the Andalusian poet and architect es-Saheli. [115] The breakup of the Wolof Empire allowed Mali to reassert authority over some of its former subjects on the north bank of the Gambia, such as Wuli, by 1576. Lange, Dierk (1996), "The Almoravid expansion and the downfall of Ghana", Der Islam 73 (2): 313351. When he did finally bow, he said he was doing so for God alone. The earliest document mentioning the mosque is Abd al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan, which gives the early history, presumably from the oral tradition as it existed in the mid seventeenth century. [149], Imperial banner carried with Musa I in 1325 Hajj, Social, economic and governmental reformation. [86] After Sakura's death, power returned to the line of Sunjata, with Wali's son Qu taking the throne. [99] Mosques were built in Gao and Timbuktu along with impressive palaces also built in Timbuktu. Mali borrowed the practice to stem inflation of the substance, since it was so prominent in the region. The kingdom of Mali was relatively unknown outside of West Africa until this event. While in Mecca, conflict broke out between a group of Malian pilgrims and a group of Turkic pilgrims in the Masjid al-Haram. One of the five pillars of Islam states that Muslims should embark on a pilgrimage known as Hajj, to the holy city of Mecca.. The Sahelian and Saharan towns of the Mali Empire were organised as both staging posts in the long-distance caravan trade and trading centres for the various West African products. Several alternate spellings exist, such as Congo Musa, Gongo Musa, and Kankan Musa, but they are regarded as incorrect. Ibn Battuta mentions that the value of salt increased fourfold when transported between Oualata and the Malian capital. According to Burkinab writer Joseph Ki-Zerbo, the farther a person travelled from Niani, the more decentralised the mansa's power became. Most notably, the ancient center of learning Sankore Madrasah (or University of Sankore) was constructed during his reign. He also made Eid celebrations at the end of Ramadan a national ceremony. The Gbara or Great Assembly would serve as the Mandinka deliberative body until the collapse of the empire in 1645. Musa was a Muslim, and his pilgrimage to Mecca, also known as hajj, made him well known across Northern Africa and the Middle East. He has sometimes been called the wealthiest person in history. Musa I (c. 1280 - 1337), better known as Mansa Musa, was the ninth mansa of the Mali Empire.Widely considered to have been the wealthiest person in known history (some sources measuring his wealth at around $400 billion adjusted to inflation), his vast wealth was used to attract scholars, merchants and architects to Mali, establishing it as a beacon of Islamic trade, culture and learning. [93] He did not, however, hold the power of previous mansas because of the influence of his kankoro-sigui. Combined in the rapidly spoken language of the Mandinka, the names formed Sondjata, Sundjata or Sundiata Keita. Le Plerinage La Mecque de Mansa Musa (724725/13241325) d'aprs des Nouvelles Sources", "The Big Secret of Celebrity Wealth (Is That No One Knows Anything)", The International Journal of African Historical Studies, "West African empires. Mansa Musa - Originalpeople.org A kl-koun led free troops into battle alongside a farima ("brave man") during campaign. No single Keita ever ruled Manden after Mahmud Keita IV's death, resulting in the end of the Mali Empire. In 1324, while staying in Cairo during his hajj, Mansa Musa, the ruler of the Mali Empire, told an Egyptian official whom he had befriended that he had come to rule when his predecessor led a fleet in an attempt to cross the Atlantic Ocean and never returned. By the end of Mansa Musa's reign, the Sankor University had been converted into a fully staffed university with the largest collections of books in Africa since the Library of Alexandria. by UsefulCharts. Malink, also known as Mande, Mali, or Melle, was founded around 1200 CE, and under Mansa Musa's reign . [89] This claim is often sourced to an article in CelebrityNetWorth,[89] which claims that Musa's wealth was the equivalent of US$400 billion. The date of Mansa Musa's death is not certain. However, the legendary oral tradition that surrounds Keita suggests that he never turned away from his native religion. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [122] This campaign gutted Manden and destroyed any hope of the three mansas cooperating to free their land. After Ibn Khaldun's death in 1406, there are no further Arab primary sources except for Leo Africanus, who wrote over a century later. [93] It is during his reign that Fula raids on Takrur began. In 1324 Musa embarked on a hajj, a religious pilgrimage to Mecca, traveling with an entourage that included 8,000 courtiers, 12,000 servants and 100 camel loads of . After unsuccessful attempts by Mansa Mama Maghan to conquer Bamana, the Bamana in 1670 sacked and burned the capital, and the Mali Empire rapidly disintegrated and ceased to exist, being replaced by independent chiefdoms. Mansa Musa (about 1280 - about 1337) was an emperor (mansa) of the Mali Empire during the 14th century. Mali flourished especially when Timbuktu came under Mansa Musa's control. [3] During the 11th and 12th centuries, an empire began to develop following the decline of the Ghana Empire, or Wagadu, to the north. Arabic sources omit Faga Leye, referring to Musa as Musa ibn Abi Bakr. Under his reign, Mali conquered the neighbouring kingdom of Songhai. [118] Mahmud sought support from several other rulers, including the governor of Kala, Bukar. [93], In 1477, the Yatenga emperor Nassr made yet another Mossi raid into Macina, this time conquering it and the old province of BaGhana (Wagadou).[109]. [24] The empire's total area included nearly all the land between the Sahara Desert and coastal forests. UsefulCharts, . Mali Emperors Family Tree | Mansa Musa - The Richest Man in World History 71,113 views Nov 27, 2019 1.8K Dislike Share Save UsefulCharts 1.08M subscribers Watch the map animation on From. At Taghaza, for example, salt was exchanged; at Takedda, copper. Jansen, Jan: "The Younger Brother and the Stranger. [93] Mansa Souleyman's generals successfully fought off the military incursions, and the senior wife Kassi behind the plot was imprisoned. Included in al-Qalqashandi's quotation of al-'Umari, but not in any manuscript of al-'Umari's text itself, which only list thirteen provinces despite saying there are fourteen. Consequently, the name of Mali and Timbuktu appeared on 14th century world maps. Musa took out large loans from money lenders in Cairo before beginning his journey home. The emperor himself rode on horseback and was directly preceded by 500 enslaved persons, each carrying a gold-adorned staff. Three bowmen supporting one spearman was the ratio in Kaabu and the Gambia by the mid-16th century. Mansa Musa of the Mali Empire was the Richest king in history - iwish2click The family tree of Mansa Musa. Musa expanded the borders of the Mali Empire, in particular incorporating the cities of Gao and Timbuktu into its territory. During most of his journey, Ibn Battuta travelled with a retinue that included servants, most of whom carried goods for trade. All of them agree that he took a very large group of people; the mansa kept a personal guard of some 500 men,[94] and he gave out so many alms and bought so many things that the value of gold in Egypt and Arabia depreciated for twelve years. Thank you for your help! Songhai forces under the command of Askia Muhammad I defeated the Mali general Fati Quali Keita in 1502 and seized the province of Diafunu. [4] Much of the recorded information about the Mali Empire comes from 14th-century Tunisian historian Ibn Khaldun, 14th-century Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta and 16th-century Andalusian traveller Leo Africanus. It was during Suleyman's 19-year reign that Ibn Battuta visited Mali. Mansa Musa Family Tree | Empire of Mali. [119], It would be the Mandinka themselves that would cause the final destruction of the empire. [79][80], Musa's reign is commonly regarded as Mali's golden age, but this perception may be the result of his reign being the best recorded by Arabic sources, rather than him necessarily being the wealthiest and most powerful mansa of Mali. [85] He went on the hajj during the reign of Mamluk sultan an-Nasir Muhammad (12981308) and was killed in Tajura on his way back to Mali. Ms Is hajj left a lasting impression of Malis splendour on both the Islamic and European worlds. Konkodougou Kamissa Keita, named for the province he once governed,[70] was crowned as Mansa Mari Djata Keita II in 1360. Mansa Musa Keita was succeeded by his son, Maghan Keita I, in 1337. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. [82], Musa is less renowned in Mand oral tradition as performed by the jeliw. His riches came from mining significant salt and gold deposits in the Mali kingdom. Mansa Mss prodigious generosity and piety, as well as the fine clothes and exemplary behaviour of his followers, did not fail to create a most-favourable impression. More than sixty years after the reign of Sundiata Keita, one of his descendants rose to become the King of Mali. Gao had already been captured by Musa's general, and Musa quickly regained Timbuktu, built a rampart and stone fort, and placed a standing army to protect the city from future invaders.[70]. Sundiata Keita was a warrior-prince of the Keita dynasty who was called upon to free the local people from the rule of the king of the Sosso Empire, Soumaoro Kant. [77] Alternatively, it is possible that the four-year reign Ibn Khaldun credits Maghan with actually referred to his ruling Mali while Musa was away on the hajj, and he only reigned briefly in his own right. [40] In fact, there is a conspicuous absence of archaeological samples of any kind from Niani dated to the late 13th through early 15th centuries, suggesting that Niani may have been uninhabited during the heyday of the Mali Empire. The historian al-Umar, who visited Cairo 12 years after the emperors visit, found the inhabitants of this city, with a population estimated at one million, still singing the praises of Mansa Ms. Mansa Ms, whose empire was one of the largest in the world at that time, is reported to have observed that it would take a year to travel from one end of his empire to the other. Sundiata Keita is the first ruler for which there is accurate written information (through Ibn Khaldun). The wooden window frames of an upper storey were plated with silver foil; those of a lower storey with gold. Mansa Musa eventually gained the throne owing to a strange sequence of events that turned in his favor. He made his wealth and that of Mali known through a long and extravagant pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324, the 17th year of his reign as emperor of Mali. Is Mansa Musa the richest man who ever lived? - BBC News [70] Little is known of him except that he only reigned two years. The next great unit of exchange in the Mali Empire was salt. This is the least known period in Mali's imperial history. It then seized Timbuktu from the Tuareg in 1468 under Sunni Ali Ber. By the time of his death in 1337, Mali had control over Taghazza, a salt-producing area in the north, which further strengthened its treasury. World History Encyclopedia. so the name Kanku Musa means "Musa, son of Kanku", although it is unclear if the genealogy implied is literal. The empire he founded became one of the richest in the world, and his descendants included one of the richest individuals to ever live, Mansa Musa. The Rock art in the Sahara suggests that northern Mali has been inhabited since 10,000 BC, when the Sahara was fertile and rich in wildlife. [46] Kangaba became the last refuge of the Keita royal family after the collapse of the Mali Empire, and so has for centuries been associated with Sundiata in the cultural imagination of Mande peoples. [76] The latter possibility is corroborated by Ibn Khaldun calling Suleyman Musa's son in that passage, suggesting he may have confused Musa's brother Suleyman with Musa's son Maghan. Therefore, Arabic visitors may have assigned the "capital" label merely to whatever major city the mansa was based out of at the time of their visit. The oldest brother, Srbandjougou Keita, was crowned Mansa Foamed or Mansa Musa Keita III. Imperial Mali is best known through three primary sources: the first is the account of Shihab al-'Umari, written in about 1340 by a geographer-administrator in Mamluk Egypt. In the 17th year of his reign (1324), he set out on his famous pilgrimage to Mecca. Sundiata Keita - National Geographic Society The Cairo that Mansa Ms visited was ruled by one of the greatest of the Mamlk sultans, Al-Malik al-Nir. [29] Al-Umari, who visited Cairo shortly after Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca, noted that it was "a lavish display of power, wealth, and unprecedented by its size and pageantry". [102] It seems quite possible that an exodus of the inhabitants took place at this juncture and the importance of the city was not revived until the rise of the Songhai empire. They tell of his hardships as a boy before he came to the throne. The Malian and Moroccan armies fought at Jenne on 26 April, the last day of Ramadan, and the Moroccans were victorious thanks to their firearms and Bukar's support, but Mahmud was able to escape. How Europe Planned to Steal from African King Mansa Musa - YouTube Evidence of cavalry in terracotta figures suggest the empire's prosperous economy as horses are not indigenous to Africa. Still, throne names do not usually indicate blood relations. Mansa Musa's reign itself was 25 years long. [73], Prince Sundjata was prophesied to become a great conqueror. [96], According to some Arabic writers, Musa's gift-giving caused a depreciation in the value of gold in Egypt. Musa went on hajj to Mecca in 1324, traveling with an enormous entourage and a vast supply of gold. As founded by Mari Djata, it was composed of the "three freely allied states" of Mali, Mema and Wagadou plus the Twelve Doors of Mali.[60]. Mansa Musa: The Financial Recklessness of the Richest Man in History Musa I of Mali | Biography, Wealth, Slaves, Pilgrimage, & Facts The University of Sankore in Timbuktu was restaffed under Musa's reign with jurists, astronomers, and mathematicians. He was an extremely successful military leader Another testimony from Ibn Khaldun describes the grand pilgrimage of Mansa Musa consisting of 12,000 slaves: "He made a pilgrimage in 724/1324 []. Mansa Musa Family Tree | Empire of Mali Server Costs Fundraiser 2023 Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. Mansa Musa - Wikipedia Musa made his pilgrimage between 1324 and 1325 spanning 2,700 miles. It wasn't long before the new kingdom of Great Fulo was warring against Mali's remaining provinces. [93] Musa may have brought as much as 18 tons of gold on his hajj,[94] equal in value to over US$957million in 2022. After many years in exile, first at the court of Wagadou and then at Mema, Sundiata was sought out by a Niani delegation and begged to combat the Sosso and free the kingdoms of Manden forever. The Lightning Flash | Mansa Musa . [137], Copper was also a valued commodity in imperial Mali. Mansa Musa was very wealthy and religious man who went on his Hajj for religious reasons and to also help people from his empire make the holy trip to Mecca for the god Allah. Ms Is pilgrimage caravan to Mecca in 1324 comprised some 60,000 people and an immeasurable amount of gold. Is Mansa Musa the richest man who ever lived? - BBC News The army of the Mali Empire used of a wide variety of weapons depending largely on where the troops originated. The buildings were constructed from slabs of salt and roofed with camel skins. Mali's Timbuktu was known for its schools and libraries. Musa embarked on a large building program, raising mosques and madrasas in Timbuktu and Gao. As a result of steady tax revenue and stable government beginning in the last quarter of the 13th century, the Mali Empire was able to project its power throughout its own extensive domain and beyond. His reign is associated with numerous construction projects, including part of Djinguereber Mosque in Timbuktu. [60] She was a hunchback from the land of Do, south of Mali. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. [70] Gbr Keita was crowned Mansa Ouali Keita II and ruled during the period of Mali's contact with Portugal. This thread is archived She or he will best know the preferred format. Provinces picked their own governors via their own custom (election, inheritance, etc.). Mansa Musa ruled the Malian empire from 1312-1337 CE. [89][85] Contemporary Arabic sources may have been trying to express that Musa had more gold than they thought possible, rather than trying to give an exact number. He had so much gold that during his hajj to Mecca, the Mansa passed out gold to all the poor along the way. . His descendants migrated to the land of Mali and established the Mandinka clan of Keita. They are descendants of. [80] Ibn Khaldun regarded Wali as one of Mali's greatest rulers. The tarikh states that a Sultan Kunburu became a Muslim and had his palace pulled down and the site turned into a mosque; he then built another palace for himself near the mosque on the east side. Al-Umari said that before Musa's arrival, a mithqal of gold was worth 25 silver dirhams, but that it dropped to less than 22 dirhams afterward and did not go above that number for at least twelve years. At the local level (village, town and city), kun-tiguis elected a dougou-tigui (village-master) from a bloodline descended from that locality's semi-mythical founder. The Venetian explorer Alvise Cadamosto and Portuguese traders confirmed that the peoples of the Gambia were still subject to the mansa of Mali. [91] Historians such as Hadrien Collet have argued that Musa's wealth is impossible to accurately calculate. Salt was as valuable, if not more valuable, than gold in sub-Saharan Africa. Answer (1 of 3): The same thing that happened to anybody else's wealth in history: it was spent, looted, donated, or otherwise distributed. [18], In the Songhai language, rulers of Mali such as Musa were known as the Mali-koi, koi being a title that conveyed authority over a region: in other words, the "ruler of Mali". In approximately 1140 the Sosso kingdom of Kaniaga, a former vassal of Wagadou, began conquering the lands of its old rulers. Imperial Malian architecture was characterised by Sudano-Sahelian architecture with a Malian substyle, which is exemplified by the Great Mosque of Djenne. Mama Maghan, mansa of Kangaba, campaigned against the Bamana in 1667 and laid siege to SegouKoro for a reported three years. Musa stayed in Cairo for three months, departing on 18 October[k] with the official caravan to Mecca. [42] Another source of income for Mali during Musa's reign was taxation of the copper trade. At its peak, Mali was the largest empire in West Africa, widely influencing the culture of the region through the spread of its language, laws and customs. Sadly for Sundjata, this did not occur before his father died. To Westerners, he seems to have been the greatest of Mali rulers, as visible in games like Civilization. Mansa Musa came from his country with 80 loads of gold dust (tibr), each load weighing three qintars. The people of the south needed salt for their diet, but it was extremely rare. Musa's reign is often regarded as the zenith of Mali's power and prestige. It had a well-organised army with an elite corps of horsemen and many foot soldiers in each battalion. Several 21st century historians have firmly rejected Niani as a capital candidate based on a lack of archaeological evidence of significant trade activity, clearly described by Arab visitors, particularly during the 14th century, Mali's golden age. In 1330, the kingdom of Mossi invaded and conquered the city of Timbuktu. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Mansa Musa returned from Mecca with several Islamic scholars, including direct descendants of the prophet Muhammad and an Andalusian poet and architect by the name of Abu Es Haq es Saheli,. This trend would continue into colonial times against Tukulor enemies from the west.[121]. Robert Smith, "The Canoe in West African History", harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBourgeois1987 (, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Kitab al-Masalik wa al-Mamalik (Book of Highways and Kingdoms) Ab Ubayd Al-Bakri, "The Empire of Mali, In Our Time BBC Radio 4", "Tracing History in Dia, in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali -Archaeology, Oral Traditions and Written Sources". [15] Leo Africanus said that the capital city was called Melli. [86], The name "Musa" has become virtually synonymous with pilgrimage in Mand tradition, such that other figures who are remembered as going on a pilgrimage, such as Fakoli, are also called Musa. [8] Suleyman's death marked the end of Mali's Golden Age and the beginning of a slow decline. Still, when Ibn Battuta arrived at Mali in July 1352, he found a thriving civilisation on par with virtually anything in the Muslim or Christian world. Hunters from the Ghana Empire (or Wagadou), particularly mythical ancestors Kontron and Sanin, founded Manding and the Malink and Bambaras hunter brotherhood. 10 Facts About Mansa Musa - Richest Man in History? Wali was succeeded by his brother Wati, about whom nothing is known,[82][83] and then his brother Khalifa. Original video by UsefulCharts. Mansa Mahmud Keita II received the Portuguese envoys Pro d'vora and Gonalo Enes in 1487. Web. Mali Empire - Wikipedia Ibn Battuta, who visited the capital city from 1352 to 1353, called it Mali. His administration and military work allowed the empire to survive through the 16th century, solidifying him, his empire, and his family into the imaginations of storytellers around the world. Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca happened between 1324 and 1325. Returning with the combined armies of Mema, Wagadou and all the rebellious Mandinka city-states, Maghan Sundiata led a revolt against the Kaniaga Kingdom around 1234. Mansa Fadima Musa Keita, or Mansa Musa Keita II, began the process of reversing his brother's excesses. As a result of this the empire fell. [74] The combined forces of northern and southern Manden defeated the Sosso army at the Battle of Kirina (then known as Krina) in approximately 1235. He's especially famous for his hajj to Mecca, during which he sponsored numerous mosques and madrases, and supposedly spent so much gold along the way that the metal was severely devalued, which for many people was not a very good thing. Trade was a significant factor to the rise and success of Mali. Also, Sundiata divided the lands amongst the people assuring everyone had a place in the empire and fixed exchange rates for common products[127]. [42] Among these preparations would likely have been raids to capture and enslave people from neighboring lands, as Musa's entourage would include many thousands of enslaved people; the historian Michael Gomez estimates that Mali may have captured over 6,000 people per year for this purpose. Musa Keita I (c. 1280 - c. 1337), or Mansa Musa, was the ninth Mansa of the Mali Empire, one of the most powerful West African states. [93] Sandaki Keita should not however be taken to be this person's name but a title. Furthermore, his hajj in 1324 was in some ways an act of solidarity that showed his connection to other rulers and peoples throughout the Islamic world. This style is characterised by the use of mudbricks and an adobe plaster, with large wooden-log support beams that jut out from the wall face for large buildings such as mosques or palaces. By the beginning of the 14th century, Mali was the source of almost half the Old World's gold exported from mines in Bambuk, Boure and Galam. [93] In 1514, the Denianke dynasty was established in Tekrour. Mansa Musa turned the kingdom of Mali into a sophisticated center of learning in the Islamic world.Mansa Musa came to power in 1312 C.E., after the previous king, Abu Bakr II, disappeared at sea. [71] However, Ibn Khaldun also reports that Musa sent an envoy to congratulate Abu al-Hasan Ali for his conquest of Tlemcen, which took place in May 1337, but by the time Abu al-Hasan sent an envoy in response, Musa had died and Suleyman was on the throne, suggesting Musa died in 1337. https://www.worldhistory.org/video/2147/mansa-musa-family-tree--empire-of-mali/.