33. Of course, removing cognition from the study of psychology ignored an important part of what makes us human and separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. b. who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? c. double-blind studies. 35. Which theorist would be MOST likely to advocate use of skillful frustration as a part of therapy? To begin, an applied behavior analyst identifies a target behavior, or behavior to be changed, defines it, works with the client to develop goals, conducts a functional assessment to understand what the undesirable behavior is, what causes it, and what maintains it. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? b. the role that biology plays in psychological functioning. b. operate in accordance with the reality principle. Treatments related to the biological model include drugs, ECT, and psychosurgery. Those who sit in the back of the room are underachievers who dont care. b. the libido. Watson and Skinner defined behavior as what we do or say, but later behaviorists added what we think or feel. There is not a leader, and everyone is equal. b. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? Outline respondent conditioning and the work of Pavlov and Watson. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. cognitive-behavioral d. humanistic-existential, 9. These are the same four discussed under respondent conditioning. This represents the psychodynamic models _____ assumption. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her parent why she is angry. Once in the brain, it is processed and interpreted. c. humanistic-existential 71. Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. As noted earlier, the idea of people being machines, called mechanism, was a key feature of behaviorism and other schools of thought in psychology until about the 1960s or 1970s. Since that time, I've never been able to swim in a lake. a. psychodynamic b. multicultural c. cognitive d. humanistic. c. ego. This therapy is BEST described as: Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. a. religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. What is it? The diathesis-stress model of abnormality emphasizes that: abnormality arises from an interaction between stress and predisposition. Which type of psychodynamic therapy encourages therapists to disclose things about themselves? A common example is Lithium; side effects include loss of coordination, hallucinations, seizures, and frequent urination. 49. Some commonly used strategies include cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance techniques. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? a. Perls. In Panel B, we see that a neutral stimulus (NS) produces no response. Evaluating psychodynamic theory. Which technique is her therapist MOST likely to recommend? According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. 86. Abnormal psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with psychopathology and abnormal behavior, often in a clinical context. Mood stabilizers are used to treat bipolar disorder and, at times, depression, schizoaffective disorder, and disorders of impulse control. With time, Anna O. did recover from her hysteria and went on to become a prominent member of the Jewish Community, involving herself in social work, volunteering at soup kitchens, and becoming House Mother at an orphanage for Jewish girls in 1895. d. who are not religious cope better with life stressors such as war and illness. A patient has loss of neurons in the cortex and the basal ganglia. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on exploring relationships among a persons thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Thats all right. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can result in a person becoming stuck at a developmental level. The hope is that the client will engage in self-examination with acceptance and honesty. Figure 2.10. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: a. focus on setting goals for the future. It exists in the nucleus of each cell, packaged in threadlike structures known as chromosomes, for which we have 23 pairs or 46 total. They act as the instructions to make proteins, and it is estimated by the Human Genome Project that we have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. 56. Finally, the individual either imagines (systematic) or experiences in real life (in-vivo) each object or scenario from the hierarchy and uses the relaxation technique while doing so. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. For more on the link between cortisol and depression, check out this article: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-athletes-way/201301/cortisol-why-the-stress-hormone-is-public-enemy-no-1. With regard to assessing the effectiveness of the various models of abnormality, which model BEST lends itself to laboratory testing? She felt confined and suffocated in this life and took to a fantasy world she called her private theater. Anna also developed hysteria, including symptoms such as memory loss, paralysis, disturbed eye movements, reduced speech, nausea, and mental deterioration. Our life instincts, or Eros, are manifested through it and are the creative forces that sustain life. 2.3.4.2. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. When her friends or family criticize or express disapproval over something Johannah has done, she experiences a deep depression and self-abuse. Can our schemas lead us astray or be false? 127. c. feminist therapy. Bertha (Anna O.) This was a positive punisher that did not have to be learned, and definitely not one of my finer moments in life. After several conditioning trials, the child responded with fear to the mere presence of the white rat (Panel C). 19. d. hormone therapy. They add, Oftentimes someone being treated with CBT will have homework in between sessions where they practice replacing negative thoughts with more realistic thoughts based on prior experiences or record their negative thoughts in a journal. For more on CBT, visit: https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy. They reflect our unconscious desires and needs. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? We see this in the case of reflexes. Terms in this set (124) Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. Chapter Recap. This newer type of cognitive-behavioral therapy emphasizes recognizing problematic thoughts as thoughts rather than judging them, acting on them, or fruitlessly trying to change them. c. regression. 85. But women may experience these illnesses differently certain symptoms may be more common in women than in men, and the course of the illness can be affected by the sex of the individual. The important thing to understand is that not all behaviors occur due to reinforcement and punishment as operant conditioning says. 129. c. increased participation in very high-risk activities. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? Positive means that you are giving something good or bad. d. humanists. a. starting treatment for a diagnosed mental health condition b. passing out educational materials that describe modifiable risk factors for mental illness c. providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed d. advocating for federal legislation that protects individuals mental health in the workplace. 45. First, associative learning is the linking together of information sensed from our environment. b. it is unclear whether problematic behaviors and cognitions are the cause of psychological difficulties or the result. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral infections were identified as potential causes of mental illness and three treatment options were given. Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. 118. There is no need to learn it again, as in the case of primary reinforcers and punishers in operant conditioning. How so? b. brain stimulation. d. only one factorstress or predispositionis necessary for abnormality to occur. Notice how the line has dropped below -70mV. The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought. 28. Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. 65. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. According to Freud, consciousness had three levels (consciousness, preconscious, and the unconscious), personality had three parts (the id, ego, and superego), personality developed over five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital), there are ten defense mechanisms to protect the ego such as repression and sublimation, and finally three assessment techniques (free association, transference, and dream analysis) could be used to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. 42. In terms of the latter, some symbols are linked to the person specifically, while others are common to all people. c. social networks. Soon, the patient begins seeking the therapist's approval for all types of decisions, rather than just making the decisions herself. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? 165. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. In this case, extinction continues. c. enmeshed. The endocrine system moves slowly with hormones, released by endocrine glands, taking seconds, or even minutes, to reach their target. a. d. reality principle. 88. Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. Malnutrition before birth, exposure to viruses, and other psychosocial factors are potential causes of schizophrenia. c. deep brain stimulation. b. cultural. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. Next, a fear hierarchy, or list of feared objects and situations, is constructed in which the individual moves from least to most feared. c. intellectualization. b. overgeneralization. a. quaternary b. secondary c. tertiary d. meta. b. is not led by a professional clinician. This is an example of: a. shaping. became involved in the German Feminist movement, and in 1904 founded the League of Jewish Women. c. psychodynamic. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. Banduras Classic Experiment. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral, 60. Little Albert made no response outside of curiosity (NSNR not shown). Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? The cognitive model made up for an apparent deficit in the behavioral model overlooking the role cognitive processes play in our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Note the plural form of dendrite and the singular form of axon; there are many dendrites but only one axon. 27. In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. So the dog now reliably salivates at the sound of the bell because he expects that food will follow, and it does. SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). Freud said this resistance revealed where issues persisted. His name is During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her "parent" why she is angry. 108. Describe how the biological model explains mental illness. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? Admittedly, single factors do emerge during a persons life, but as they arise, the factors become part of the individual. 79. a. short-term psychodynamic therapy b. psychoanalysis c. traditional psychodynamic therapy d. relational psychoanalytic therapy. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive-behavioral c. humanistic-existential d. biological. E. Regarding the diathesis-stress model, which of the following statements is false? According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? You can generate a percentage of times you ruminated to the number of successful problem-solving strategies you generated. Finally, psychoanalytic treatment is expensive and time consuming, and since Freuds time, drug therapies have become more popular and successful. c. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. Which model is MOST likely to predict that transference will occur during therapy? c. sociocultural. A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: a. unknown causes. We can also ask the patient probing questions, seek information from family members, examine medical records, and in time, organize and process all this information to better understand the persons condition and potential causes. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a. a severe disorder that is also associated with a high risk of suicide. However, critics cite obvious ethical issues with conducting such surgeries as well as scientific issues. How does the existential perspective approach psychopathology? b. superego. Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. For instance, evidence suggests that contracting strep throat, an infection in the throat and tonsils caused by bacteria called group A Streptococcus (for more on strep throat, please visit https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html), can lead to the development of OCD, Tourettes syndrome, and tic disorder in children (Mell, Davis, & Owens, 2005; Giedd et al., 2000; Allen et al., 1995; https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness). 128. Over time I learned that attention was good. b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. d. known risk and protective factors. The six models of abnormality are biological, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, sociocultural, and developmental psychopathology perspective. c. moderate to severe mental illness and a coexisting developmental disorder. Within the context of psychopathology, the behavioral perspective is useful because explains maladaptive behavior in terms of learning gone awry. This is known as A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: a. using I language. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist. Freud considered the talking cure of Anna O. to be the origin of psychoanalytic therapy and what would come to be called the cathartic method. b. sociocultural 160. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: a. id. d. unconscious feelings of loss. d. displacement. The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. Neurotransmitters. If your parents resort to alcohol consumption to deal with stressors life presents, then you also might do the same. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. d. a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. You might make the case that some of the side effects are worse than the condition they are treating. Consider a rat trained to push a lever to receive a food pellet. All of the models include an element of the biological model. This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations. It operates on the reality principle, or an awareness of the need to adjust behavior, to meet the demands of our environment. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a(n) _____ theorist. Similarly, the overproduction of the hormone melatonin can lead to SAD. The perspectives do offer hope to people suffering tragedy by asserting that we control our destiny and can make our own choices. 107. 164. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders. d. propositions. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freuds-patients-serial/201201/bertha-pappenheim-1859-1936. Participants have similar issues. Uni- vs. Multi-Dimensional Models of Abnormality, https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression, https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene, https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1, https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719, https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring, http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/, https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Postconditioning. c. They explain outside influences and past events. 34. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. a. modeling The existential perspective. Masons parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. The orientation of the author of this quote is MOST likely: a. cognitive-behavioral. d. people who avoid responsibility for their lives and decisions live inauthentic lives. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). 66. In Banduras experiment, children were first brought into a room to watch a video of an adult playing nicely or aggressively with a Bobo doll, which provided a model. In Module 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? d. encourages individuals to share information with the group. d. One-fourth of all treated couples eventually separate or divorce. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? c. denial. 113. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. b. The contents of the unconscious could move from the unconscious to preconscious, but to do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper. c. reject thoughts that are not rational. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: how prejudice and discrimination impact women. Reinforcement can either occur continuously meaning every time the desired behavior is made the subject will receive some reinforcer, or intermittently/partially meaning reinforcement does not occur with every behavior. I'm going to mess up and then it won't be a perfect run!" b. unconditional self-regard. For social skills training, identify the appropriate social behavior such as making eye contact, saying no to a request, or starting up a conversation with a stranger and determine whether the client is inhibited from making this behavior due to anxiety. 25. 41. c. It is full of abnormal evolutionary principles. Primary refers to reinforcers and punishers that have their effect without having to be learned. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: a. unresolved intrapsychic conflict. c. Each paradigm is complete in itself. c. maintenance. Our attribution in these two cases is in error, but still, it comes to affect how we see the world and our subjective well-being. We describe these as primary and secondary reinforcers and punishers. c. psychosurgery. 2.2.1.6. This dream is interpreted to reflect the patients emotional stress over losing her mother, who is terminally ill. b. behavior-focused therapists. 100. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do or say) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. We take the information just detected and use it to assign people to categories, or groups. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? b. working through. A therapist pays close attention to what their client has to say and then makes an effort to show accurate empathy and sincerity in their responses. A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. Bertha, known in published case studies as Anna O., was expected to complete the formal education typical of upper-middle-class girls, which included foreign language, religion, horseback riding, needlepoint, and piano. Is there merit to this view? a. Males have X and Y chromosomes while females have two Xs. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. Life involves a degree of uncertainty, and at times we must accept this. It is present at birth, completely unconscious, and operates on the pleasure principle, resulting in selfishly seeking immediate gratification of our needs no matter what the cost. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: a. without any religious belief are the healthiest. d. neurotransmitter imbalances. Infections can cause brain damage and lead to the development of mental illness or exacerbate existing symptoms. 46. a. The earlier that treatment begins, the more effective it can be., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/men-and-mental-health/index.shtml, In relation to women: Some disorders are more common in women such as depression and anxiety. b. d. develop depression that requires hospitalization. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. d. modifying the clients negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. Clarify how gender factors affect mental illness. Flooding and desensitization are typical respondent conditioning procedures used with phobias, and modeling arises from social learning theory and observational learning. b. early childhood trauma. For more on these, visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. Where do you sit in class, if you are on a physical campus and not an online student? c. Beck. This therapy is BEST described as: a. relational psychoanalytic therapy. For instance, people with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) have difficulty regulating serotonin. A primary focus of community-based mental health treatments is: a. education. To address this unique factor, culture-sensitive therapies have been developed and include increasing the therapists awareness of cultural values, hardships, stressors, and/or prejudices faced by their client; the identification of suppressed anger and pain; and raising the clients self-worth (Prochaska & Norcross, 2013).
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