Thats intentional; the individual style of each swing band is what makes the music unique, much as the seasoning used in a particular Gumbo can make it one of a kind. Above all else, Swing music is dance music which means it was: This also meant it was incredibly commercial. Many bands toured the country in grueling one-night stands. This expansive eclecticism characterized much of jazz after World War II. Southwest bands offered a different solution to big band improvisational structures. During the swing era, popular, blues, and jazz vocalists were essential to big band performances. [3] They incorporated elements of Broadway, Tin Pan Alley, ragtime, and vaudeville. (called a "chorus"). For the sentence below, write prepositional phrase and underline the preposition. With the exception of Jelly Roll Morton, who continued playing in the New Orleans style, bandleaders paid attention to the demand for dance music and created their own big bands. So the Swing Era was during the Depression and it acted as a kind of counter-statement or rebellion against the unemployment and misery that the Depression caused. style promoted by Ornette COLEMAN and John COLTRANE), which has raised a continuing controversy about New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Figure 1: The Western Jazz Quartet (piano: 6 Steps to Big Band Writing with Steven Feifke. By 1937, the "sweet jazz band" saxophonist Shep Fields was also featured over the airways on the NBC radio network in his Rippling Rhythm Revue, which also showcased a young Bob Hope as the announcer. Western swing musicians also formed popular big bands during the same period. By the late 1930s, prosperity was returning, and records and radio were extremely helpful in publicizing jazz. Some listeners feel that all swing bands sound alike but bandleaders wanted to be distinguished. of jazz The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. hmk6^/,$mA% Congress repealed the Volstead Act, a law that prohibited the manufacture, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages, in 1933. here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of Tenor saxophonist Lester Young (19091959) had a different approach than Hawkins and used a lighter tone. Swing bands featured a large ensemble of woodwinds (saxophones, clarinets), brass (trumpets, trombones) and a back-up accompaniment (acoustic bass with piano and/or guitar). The Cotton Club, Harlem, New York City, early 1930s. He would conduct his band from his drum set. Company B, was popularized through records and film by The Andrews Sisters during World War - The ANDREWS SISTERS: The Boogie-Woogie Bugle Boy Duke Ellingtons swing arrangements featured unusual timbres and capitalized on the unique style of each individual player, as illustrated in Echoes of Harlem (1936) and Take the A Train (1941). The 194244 musicians' strike worsened the situation. Many of the great swing bands broke up, as the times and tastes changed. daring arrangements of classic jazz tunes. In the 1950s, Stan Kenton referred to his band's music as "progressive jazz", "modern", and "new music". In the 1960s, Gunther SCHULLER developed a style known as "Third During the 1920s, Kansas City, Oklahoma City, and Dallas were vital crossroads resulting in a mix of musical styles and cultures. Don Ellis, an excellent trumpet player and drummer, is influenced by music from India. Big bands originated during the early 1910s and dominated jazz in the early 1940s when swing was most popular. The repertoire of swing bands featured both jazz and popular arrangements. This would go back and forth a number of times. jazz-fusion (combining elements of jazz and rock musics). This was in part due to a political organization called the Pendergast Machine which encouraged a nightclub atmosphere. rock . Armstrong (nicknamed Air blown into the tube of the saxophone reverberates as it hits the brass tubing. In Kansas City, Bennie Motens and Count Basies bands had begun developing a looser type of big band arrangement that allowed for freer styles of soloing, giving rise to a unique Kansas City swing style in the 1930s. Scat singing, along with his gravelly voice, became Armstrongs trademark sound, as heard in Lazy River (1931). So lets quickly take a look at all three genres: Lets dive into these characteristics of Swing Music a little deeper:
Among all the jazz vocalists that followed, most cite her as having the most influence on their scatting style. The Great Depression, which started with the stock market crash in 1929, and WWII which ended in 1945. His music uses Eastern rhythms, meters, and advanced rhythmic techniques. GILLESPIE: Koko (1945). As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. and His Mother Called Him Bill, featured "Blood Count" and "Lotus Blossom," was a tribute album to . harmony, structure and instrumentation. (click The composer writes original music that will be performed by individuals or groups of various sizes, while the arranger adapts the work of composers in a creative way for a performance or recording. (String Bass or Electric Bass), plucked with the fingers, often providing a Duke Ellington at one time used six trumpets. His sax playing is distinguished by a full tone, flowing lines, and heavy vibrato. Billie Holiday is considered to be the most influential of the jazz singers of the century after Louis Armstrong, who influenced her style. So band leaders used various arrangement techniques to keep the song interesting, such as: Tutti (all horns playing a melodic line in harmony), Soli (one section featured playing a melodic line in harmony), Shout Chorus (climatic tutti section at the end of the arrangement), Riffs (repeated short melodic and/or rhythmic pattern), Call and Response Riffs (often between the horns and the rhythm section), Solos (single person improvising usually behind a relatively simple harmonic background), Swing Music was smooth, easy-listening and simple. Ella Fitzgerald contributed to the success of Webbs band in New York City. It began as an intensified rhythmic outgrowth of the black Rhythm & Big band swing was at the forefront of jazz and underwent its most concentrated growth and development from 1930 . They had Count Basie, they had Benny Moten, they had George Lee, they had Junior Lee, they had Lester Young, they had Walter Brown., What I heard in that first nine-piece Basie band was the sort of free, swinging jazz that I have always preferred. The swing era took place during which two important historical events? At these venues, which themselves gained notoriety, bandleaders and arrangers played a greater role than they had before. Guitar, Organ, Banjo), - One or more solo The music business suffered during the Great Depression. By the 1930s, these and other cities became major centers for the development of the swing style. "call" and a group does some type of "response"), (2) it emerged as piano was added to the rhythm section, and a stronger driving rhythm Then, during the Swing Era, the sax player Coleman Hawkins changed the way jazz approached improvisation from melody to harmony (horizontal to vertical). A ballad is a simple song, usually romantic in nature, and uses the same melody for each stanza. The swing era was the one time that jazz was a truly popular style. In a big band jazz group, at least three trumpets, two trombones, four or more saxophones, and a rhythm section of piano, guitar, bass, and drums are combined with a vocal element. A big band or jazz orchestra is a type of musical ensemble of jazz music that usually consists of ten or more musicians with four sections: saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. and Benny Goodman (who took jazz to Hollywood in the mid-1930s). is exactly what the jazz musician does to keep track of the blues formone And they played a particular type of Swing in Kansas City known as: Kansas City Jazz. Company" vocal jazz ensemble performing a the Lincoln Center in New York During the "Roaring [48][49][50] Big band remotes on the major radio networks spread the music from ballrooms and clubs across the country during the 1930s and 1940s, with remote broadcasts from jazz clubs continuing into the 1950s on NBC's Monitor. This also contributed to the loose and spontaneous feel of KC Jazz. Q G("CH^T)daA]yg~zN^y>.g~01D%>7dj.|K+8'9 q*U!i|O1#"v\YOGtc_GD1JL. The swing style developed in the 1930s and continued to be popular throughout the 1940s and beyond as a distinctive genre. Boyd Raeburn drew from symphony orchestras by adding flute, French horn, strings, and timpani to his band. In Harlem, the creative and literary arts, Black musicals, and big band entertainment flourished within the movement known as the Harlem Renaissance, in which music played as great or possibly a greater role than literature. saxophonist Gerry MULLIGAN (of the Gerry Mulligan Quartet %PDF-1.5 % Big bands maintained a presence on American television, particularly through the late-night talk show, which has historically used big bands as house accompaniment. The Cotton Club started in Harlem before it moved downtown. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. During the 1960s and '70s, Sun Ra and his Arketstra took big bands further out. Big Bands began to appear in movies in the 1930s through the 1960s, though cameos by bandleaders were often stiff and incidental to the plot.Shep Fields appeared with his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra in a playful and integrated animated performance of "This Little Ripple Had Rhythm" in the musical extravaganza The Big Broadcast of 1938. You "walking bass" accompaniment, - Harmony '20s," "HOT" JAZZ Whiteman started his first band in San Francisco in 1918 and his fame spread into the 1920s. The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of. is called the "12-bar blues." Yes drums are like the Roux or Fil in Gumbo. Here are the five most common swing band instruments, and how they commonly fit into swing music. violin--Ray Nance), (3) trumpet--Rex Stewart, (4) tenor saxBen Webster, Carnegie Halls interactive Timeline of African American Music is dedicated to the loving memory of the late soprano and recitalist Jessye Norman. widespread popularity of big band/swing was accelerated by the rise of dozens Big Bands evolved with the times and continue to this day. The lyrics kept within these traditions. of Company B (1941). here to see a YouTube clip on jazz improvisation, click here to see animated Traveling conditions and lodging were difficult, in part due to segregation in most parts of the United States, and the personnel often had to perform having had little sleep and food. woodwinds (saxophones, clarinets), brass (trumpets, trombones) and a back-up Daniels, Douglas. Typically the most prominent shows with the earliest time slots and largest audiences have bigger bands with horn sections while those in later time slots go with smaller, leaner ensembles. An Autobiography: John Hammond on Record with Irvin Townsend. Swing band music was organized in homophonywhere two or more instruments played similar or complementary lines. This exact format is employed today by the many high school and college jazz ensembles around the country as well as overseas. trombones Swing music appealed most dramatically to this demographic group: teenagers A "shout chorus" is: the final, climactic chorus in an arrangement Which changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? CROSBY, Frank SINATRA, and Doris DAY, who blossomed as featured vocalists with prominent bands Many Kansas City bands featured head arrangements, which were . Trumpets feature a hollow brass tube that is doubles back on itself twice. trumpeter Miles DAVIS, and baritone In general, swing refers to the music of large dance bands that played written arrangements. Two other musical characteristics of swing bands are a return to the use of a flat-four rhythm and the use of block chords (chords with many notes moving in parallel motion). Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and trombones The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. Radio increased the fame of Benny Goodman, the "Pied Piper of Swing". :vQxc!#\JK?1UshqkF~[!eO W,{(HBjkps~'O;5lR. Since 1960, several newer types The swing era followed boogie-woogie. Count Basies music contains lively rhythms, economic piano style, and a relaxed swing sound. such works incorporate certain elements of the jazz tradition, there is not even In swing, the saxophone was usually featured as the leading instrumental soloist. 1570 0 obj <>stream II. Her version of the nursery rhyme A-Tisket, A-Tasket (1938) brought her international fame. Hickman relied on Ferde Grof, Whiteman on Bill Challis. How relevant do you believe the poem is today? hb```. @1&$3.YTyfx.=**hE+f|5SSz/=n/ While the trumpet is commonly featured in a swing band, a saxophone is also often used to enhance melodies. Ellington recorded this an improvisation: melody, harmony, and form. Which of the following changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? Kansas City was busy with musical activity from the early 1920s to about 1938. Phil Spitalny, a native of Ukraine, led a 22-piece female orchestra known as Phil Spitalny and His Hour of Charm Orchestra, named for his radio show, The Hour of Charm, during the 1930s and 1940s. - a vocalist with piano or a small backup group. art form--a unique blending of West African and Western European/American [26], Typical big band arrangements from the swing era were written in strophic form with the same phrase and chord structure repeated several times. Benny GOODMAN (1909-1986): Sing, Sing, Sing! characterized by independent instrumental lines, massive harmonic dissonance, Keyboards are some of the most versatile instruments out there. art form--a unique blending of West African and Western European/American Swing as Popular Music 1. of American jazz. Four trombones comprised the trombone section. For example, Tommy Dorsey played with a beautiful tone and control on the trombone. black jazz musicians developed an intense And because of this, Swing had a greater emphasis on written-out composition and arrangements. Concert The 1930's brought a new style of jazz "big band swing". Sweet Swing (people like Glenn Miller) had less improvisation, was a bit slower, restrained with a slight swing feel, and was for the white upper class dinner parties. Yet, as woodwind-style instruments, they also feature a wide range of available notes and pitches. Trumpets provide a brash buzzing sound thats well suited for a melody. When the trumpets and saxophones are combined in a musical accompaniment, they can lead a vibrant and multi-toned swing melody. creating a style known as "Dixieland" Jazz or The trumpet section included four trumpets; the first was responsible for the highest notes. Beacon, 2006. The score indicated a fixed number of measures for solo improvisation and also musical notations with the desired sounds and effects. Daniels, Douglas. 1. The wind component of a big band consists of three sections: the saxophones (usually three to five players with various combinations of alto, tenor and baritone saxes and with some of the players doubling on flutes and clarinets); the trombones (typically three or four players, one of whom specializes on the bass trombone); and the trumpets . The term "big band" is also used to describe a genre of music, although this was not the only style of music played by big bands. This lineup was typical of swing era bands. accompaniment (acoustic bass with piano and/or guitar). has undergone several stylisdtic transformations, the most significant of which (London: Paladin) 1987. highly improvisatory style called Bebop, It is usually played by big band ensembles that use a rhythm section with drums, bass, sometimes a guitar, and almost always a piano, a brass section of trumpets and trombones, and a reed section of saxophones and clarinets. The style features prominent horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a consistent rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie-type bass lines. sprouted up in different parts of the United States, and their uniquely II era. As purely instrumental jazz The Dorsey Brothers started with a large-band version of Dixieland featuring singer Bob Crosby who later developed his own band. The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. Swing music ruled the airwaves and the dance floors throughout the 1930s to the mid-40s, and the artists that led swing bands became internationally beloved celebrities. Unlike the concert band, the lead players should never be seated on the end of the section. The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). Although 3 4 5 6 7 8, - Duke Ellington (18991974) proved that orchestrating jazz was an art of the highest level. freedom vs. chaos. Beacon, 2002. Some bands were "society bands" which relied on strong ensembles but little on soloists or vocalists, such as the bands of Guy Lombardo and Paul Whiteman. The popularity of many of the major bands was amplified by star vocalists, such as Frank Sinatra with Tommy Dorsey, Helen O'Connell and Bob Eberly with Jimmy Dorsey, Ella Fitzgerald with Chick Webb, Billie Holiday and Jimmy Rushing with Count Basie, Dick Haymes and Helen Forrest with Harry James, Doris Day with Les Brown,[40] and Peggy Lee with Benny Goodman.
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